Trypanosomes and trypanosomiasis / by A. Laveran and F. Mesnil. : Translated and much enlarged by David Nabarro.

  • Laveran, Alphonse, 1849-1922.
Date:
1907
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Licence: In copyright

Credit: Trypanosomes and trypanosomiasis / by A. Laveran and F. Mesnil. : Translated and much enlarged by David Nabarro. Source: Wellcome Collection.

Provider: This material has been provided by London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Library & Archives Service. The original may be consulted at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Library & Archives Service.

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    [Similar parasites have been found in a blow-fly by Prowazek in the gut of a sheep-louse {Melophagus ovinus) by Pfeiffer in the body-cavity of the silkworm {Bombyx mori) by Levaditi f in fleas which had fed on jerboas harbouring the Hwmogngavina balfoim, by Balfour ;'' in the gut of Stomoxys, in Uganda, by Gray ;^ and in the intestine of Tahanus glaucopis by Leger,*^ who has named this parasite Herpetomonas snbulata.] [Novy, McNeal, and Torrey'^ examined over 800 mosquitoes, after allowing them to feed on rats, guinea-pigs, and pigeons, which were certainly free from haematozoa, and found that 15 per cent, had an intes- tinal flagellate infection. In some cases masses of rosettes, with centrally disposed flagella, were met with. Diff'erent forms of flagellates were found, the most common being Crithidia fasciculata, and a species probably identical with Herpetomonas siihilata. From their researches on the cultivation of the trypanosomes of birds, Novy and McNeal maintain that the flagellates (' trypanosomes') seen in the stomach and digestive tract of mosquitoes, tsetse-flies, lice, leeches, etc., are ' cultural' forms in vivo, corresponding to those obtained ifi vitro.] [Most, if not all, of the parasites above mentioned occur in tv^'O forms : (i) a flagellated monadine form (the body being long and acicular in most of the Herpetomonas, pyriform in the Crithidia, and rarely intermediate between these two forms as in Herpetomonas (or Crithidia) mimita of Tabanus tergestinus ; (2) a gregariniform resting stage, with a rudimentary or no flagellum and two chromatic cpr- puscules, the parasite resembling the Leishman body of kala-azar and, to some extent, the piroplasms.] [As has already been mentioned, rosettes of parasites occur in some cases, and, moreover, in H. sti,btdata, H. bombycis, and in the parasite of the sheep-louse {Melophagus ovinus), a rudimentary undulating membrane has been described.] [We come lastly to the interesting fact that flagellates (trypano- somes) have been found in the gut of tsetse-flies. This is important in view of the statements of Gray and Tulloch and of Koch that ingested mammahan trypanosomes (T. gambiense, T. briicei) undergo developmental (? sexual) changes in tsetse-flies. Novy and Minchin, Gray, and Tulloch, from an extended study of the trypanosomes of Glossina palpalis (their results are given in detail in Chapter XVIII.), have come to the conclusion that the trypanosomes found in freshly- caught tsetse-flies have nothing to do with T. gambiense. Novy^ thinks that they are ' cultural' forms of harmless non-parasitic flagellates, corresponding to the equally harmless Herpetomonas and Crithidia observed by him in mosquitoes.] 1 [Prowazek, Arb. a. d. kaiserl. Gemnd., v. 20, part 3 ; trans, in Journ. Trap. Med., V. 8.] - [Pfeiffer, Zeitschr. f. Hyg. und Infektionskrank., v. 50, 1905, p. 324.] 3 [Levaditi, C. R. Acad. Sciences, v. 141, 1905, p. 631.] ^ [Balfour, 'Second Report of the Wellcome Research Laboratories at Khar- toum,' 1906, pp. 103-110.] ^ [Gray, Sleeping Sickness Comm. of the Roy. Soc, Rep. No. 8, 1907, Art. 21, App. 3, p. 133 ; also Proc. Roy. Soc, Series B, v. 78, 1906, p. 254.] « [Ldger, C. R. Soc. Biol., v. 58, 1904, p. 613 ; abstract in Bull. Inst. Past., v. 3, 1905, p. 190.] ^ ^ TNovy, McNeal, and Toxr&y, Journ. Hyg., v. 6, 1906, p. iio.j 'yiovy^Jotirn. Itt/cct. Dts., v. 3, 1906^ pp. 394-411.]